Such might be the case of the long-neckPadaung (Karen)tribe near Chiang Mai in Northern Thailand, part of whats known as ThaiHill Tribes. Over 65 abstracts were submitted in the initial call for papers, the outcome of which is this double special issue, with 16 published papers presenting relevant, insightful research to an international audience of scholars, students, tourism practitioners and hopefully, community members in areas frequented by tourism activities. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. (Citation2016) introduces the readers to Chinese perspectives of Indigenous sustainable tourism issues. As indigenous tourism and the desire to experience authentic native life are growing in popularity across the globe, we have to start asking ourselves whether the consequences of tribal tourism are more detrimental than beneficial. Extreme weather conditions have the potential to reduce water availability and erode infrastructure like sewerage systems and housing on the islands. Tensions and issues around Indigenous and social sustainability were unearthed, with various Indigenous and visitor viewpoints expressed, but overall the Spirit Festival was found to provide a platform for the positive visibility of Indigenous Australians and to demonstrate their value as holders of culture, knowledge and spirit. The final four papers explore issues around product design, innovation and development. "Indigenous Tourism is defined as a tourism business majority-owned, operated and/or controlled by First Nations, Mtis or Inuit peoples which . However, while the first paper (Holmes etal., Citation2016) describes a cultural group who are empowered, the following paper by Hillmer-Pegram (Citation2016) exposes a situation where local Indigenous peoples were being disempowered by the colonial processes of cruise tourism. Thus by going on a tour with them, you automatically help local tribal communities. Over the past decade, adventure travel has shifted from being less about adrenaline and more about learning and transformation. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples use tourism to bridge the cultural divides and create better futures by sharing culture, knowledge and country. *We'll only send you worthwhile updates! On a positive note, the research noted that the Indigenous leaders of Barrow are conceptualizing a future vision for tourism that is compatible with, if not led by, Indigenous values. Whitney-Squire examined related issues of empowerment and product development, self-identification and cultural integrity, not only with the Haida but also with the Mori people of New Zealand and Hawaiians of Hawaii. Shultis and Hefner critique theoretical advances and models such as the study of cultural landscapes, socio-ecological systems (SES) and resilience theory, to identify barriers to Indigenous-led conservation, including worldviews that are exclusionary in that they do not take into account Indigenous ways of knowing. South America is not alone in the struggle. This is particularly worrying asany attempt to contact such tribe may have grave consequences a simple cold (their immunity differs from Western) could put an entire tribe in danger. Whale shark viewing at Oslob, a popular tourism site in the Philippines, is facilitated by hand-feeding the animals with shrimp. This led to the Lutsel K'e Dene First Nation developing an Indigenous informed code of conduct to guide visitor behavior. The authors examined entrepreneurial activities at the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces UNESCO World Heritage Site in China. Unfortunately, in practice often very little of the tourism dollars remain in the villages. For indigenous communities, it can facilitate cultural exchange and celebration. Those alternatives may have application in other non-Indigenous forms of tourism. Over the past decade, adventure travel has shifted from being less about adrenaline and more about learning and transformation. . Similarly a meaningful encounter with theKarenpeople can be arranged with the help ofRickshaw Travel. One of the major tourist attractions in the country Uluru, or Ayers Rock, inUluru-Kata Tjuta National Park, is a case in point. Centre for Evaluation in Education and Science (CEON/CEES), Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. The early work of Almagor (Citation1985), Cohen (1979) and Graburn (Citation1976) in particular, must be credited with elevating the significance of Indigenous tourism research and paving the way for future scholars whose research interests are located in the study field of Indigenous tourism. Secondly, these papers provide insights into the reality of Indigenous development where communities struggle against poverty or alternatively, where Indigenous tourism ventures are the only positive, empowering opportunity for a community. All the papers are intertwined by a history of academic research on the topic and there is a recurrence of references to foundational tourism studies that have informed the papers literature reviews, demonstrating the value of those early critical studies. Generally the best toursare the ones where visitors stay overnight, as it generates the most sustainable income. A huge disadvantage to tourism in some countries is that when the tourism industry is doing well, the country neglects to build upon its other sectors. Ethical andresponsible tour companiesdo exist. Settler-colonial states such as . Beach hotels have displaced the fishing communities that once lined the coasts of Penang, Malaysia and Phuket, Thailand. The authors conclude that inclusive planning practices are needed, not only at national and state levels, but also at local levels to ensure the inclusion of diverse and informed representations of Aboriginal culture in marketing collateral, and which in turn, could enhance the success of Indigenous tourism development and create further opportunities. These cookies do not store any personal information. This Journal of Sustainable Tourism (JOST) special issue explores the interrelationships between sustainable tourism development and Indigenous peoples. Photographer. The non-profit hotel search for the traveler that wants to give back. The overall contribution from the authors reflections and research findings includes a comprehensive understanding of PRA frameworks for analyzing and reviewing community involvement in planning, negotiation, development and implementation of a complex tourism venture in a politically tense and geographically challenging setting. All parts of its vast value-chain have been affected. It also offersCultural Awareness Trainingthatenhances and inspires participants knowledge and encourages participants to challenge their personal values and attitudes to promote a better understanding of Aboriginal Australia. Tribal tourism has also had a negative impact on indigenous populations that do not wish to be contacted by the outside world. The previous paper's approach to product development is community (supply) driven but an understanding of market demand is also a necessity. The climb is not prohibited. Shultis and Heffner's (Citation2016) paper examines Indigenous management involvement in a co-managed national park in the Yukon Territory of Canada. Whitney-Squire discusses the significance of language to sustaining Indigenous communities and culture whilst, through language based tourism initiatives, connecting individual Indigenous peoples with their collective identity. Discussions include (among other things), the capacity of Indigenous tourism to nurture cultural arts, language revitalization and traditions (countering and enabling an escape from a victim narrative). policy and land tenure), opportunities for collaboration that empower Indigenous stakeholders and increased diversity within Indigenous tourism product development. (Citation2016) undertook a longitudinal study (between 2004 and 2014), on the establishment of the Kokoda Trail in Papua New Guinea. Pereiro's (Citation2016) ethnographic fieldwork offers insights into Latin American Indigenous communities with lessons from a specific case study on the Guna sustainable tourism model. The concerns arise also because in many cases Western visitors come hoping for the perfect photo opportunity rather than true cultural immersion and genuine engagement. Keith Hollinshead (2019) refers to it as tourism world-making, or the way in which a place or culture is marketed and/or presented to tourists. To solicit the tourists' perspective, surveys were administered to tourists visiting the existing Mi'kmaw cultural tourism sites in . The interdependency between Indigenous peoples economic development, cultural values and their connection to traditional lands and natural resources, is further explored in the next three papers: Koot (Citation2016), Shultis and Heffner (Citation2016) and Walker and Moscardo (Citation2016). On the other hand, some argue thatethnictourism has helpedfoster greater awarenessof indigenous people, many of whom face oppression, forced land relocation, and challenges to social and economic integration. They aim to help them stay independent and maintain their uniqueness all while making it possible for tourists to experience and understand their culture. })(); Enter your e-mail address The first key observation from the special issue is that tourism is only one tool to realize sustainable Indigenous (and also community) development, including Indigenous control over resources. Ecotourism is a form of environmentally friendly tourism which involves people visiting fragile, unspoilt areas that are usually protected. Indigenous tourism, underpinned by the principles of sustainable development, arguably provides opportunities to realize unique, often innovative, developments or management approaches that can be very beneficial to Indigenous peoples. Additionally, there is discussion focusing on the impetus for developing Indigenous tourism ventures, which is usually based on tourism's ability to create employment, often in non-urban locations where other employment opportunities are limited. Central to that research is the need to broaden the concept of sustainable tourism away from its western developed-world roots to embrace other scenarios, not least to maintain variety and alternatives in a globalizing world. On an overall level, much of the work on sustainable tourism, to date, has been concentrated on understanding and managing the impacts of tourism on the physical environment. The authors conclude that while individuals shape the future of their own communities through self-gentrification, modernizing and adapting to change threatens traditional ways of life as a result of outsider and tourism influences. They too draw on research that is geographically situated in a North American context. They conclude that best practice approaches to sustainable development are dependent on the local context and stress the need for broader, governing enablers (i.e. The researchers present a systematized approach for describing visitor's preferences and awareness of the available products including the influence of beliefs, desires and valuing of culture, enabling factors and causal history that affect visitor demand and participation in Indigenous tourism. Indigenous tourismistourism activity in which indigenous people are directly involved either through control and/or by having their culture serve as the essence of the attraction. Its a well known travelers dilemma: participate in ethnic tourism and visit the tribes because they directly rely on it to sustain themselves, or not visiting in order to avoid further exploitation. Workshops and organizations which maintain this rich legacy, passed down from generation to generation, are only possible thanks to the numerous travelers who visit the village to experience this journey back in time through art. Without proper management, heritage tourism can lead to a lack of understanding and appreciation of the culture and heritage of the place within the wider community as a result of inadequate or inappropriate presentation; it can diminish the protection and conservation of cultural heritage overtime without the adequate integration of cultural Its a well known travellers debate: participate in ethnic tourism and visit the tribes because they directly rely on it, or dont visit to avoid further exploitation. The data-set consisted of 588 online tourist reviews and 137 operators responses. (Citation2016) is notable for being written with the input of the First Nation peoples. Tourism can often cause environmental damage due to risks such as erosion, pollution, loss of natural habitats, and forest fires. Hillmer-Pegram's (Citation2016) paper explores tourism impacts (particularly the burgeoning cruise tourism sector), on the values of the Indigenous Iupiat people of Barrow, Alaska. There has been growing evidence that the tribes are beingexploitedby those so-called tour operators looking for quick and easy profit. The next author's long experience and strong publication record will be familiar to researchers of Indigenous research issues. South America is not alone in the struggle. Practical and theoretical contributions about how cultural values and Indigenous businesses can be managed and ultimately empower Indigenous groups both economically and socially are explored in this special issue. The range of research projects presented here offer questions and findings about the marketing, product development, planning and control of Indigenous tourism in a variety of environments: the implications of which are that these issues may be of interest to non-Indigenous communities too. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. This paper is written by the special issue's guest editors who, collectively, have over 50 years of experience in leading theoretical and applied Indigenous tourism We'll e-mail a link to reset your password. Because of traditional power dynamics, even cooperative ventures are not fulfilling promises with little trickle-down of capital from tourism to the Khomani, whose cultural image is frozen in a primitive marketing narrative. Focusing on four regional tourism destinations in New South Wales, all of which have significant Aboriginal tourism businesses, the paper reports on a content analysis of online and print promotional material. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Indigenous tourism also needs alternative approaches to practice, aims and issues such as business ownership, governance, and capacity building issues exemplified by the ideas and issues raised by Higgins-Desbiolles (Citation2016), Hillmer-Pegram (Citation2016) and Pereiro (Citation2016). More and more land becomes privatized and indigenous people are faced with poverty and losing . There are many obstacles such as lack of land tenure, difficulties in raising finance, the design of tourist itineraries, and a lack of market profile and market skills that have undermined and. Koot's South African study of the Indigenous South Kalahari Bushmen (Khomani) found colonial prejudice towards Bushmen continues despite the fact that successful tourism ventures in the region are dependent on the portrayal of the people and the Bushman image and symbolism (which) have created exchange value and are therefore linked with public relations, marketing and branding. Many countries with ancient ruins or natural attractions are also in danger of destruction or erosion with significant foot traffic and human interaction. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page. Long-term success is still not guaranteed for Indigenous tourism and whilst there are successes, the reality seems to be that in some countries (both developed and developing), for every Indigenous community that succeeds in tourism there will be other communities that do not succeed (perhaps because of forces outside the community's control). Tourists to Indias Andaman Islands are using an illegal road to enter the reserve of theJarawa tribein the hope of spotting members of the tribe not unlike spotting wildlife in a safari park Survival International has drafted ane-mailto the Indian governmentasking them to close the road and stop the human safaris, its easy to get involved. Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page The secondary analysis is complimented by surveying researchers of Indigenous tourism. Whyte asks: "what environmental justice framework should we use to evaluate these practices?" (2010, p.75). We won't send you spam. Done sensitively, it can help people learn about and appreciate different ways of life. Similarly, the Chorotega potters of Costa Ricas village of Guaitil continue creating their distinctive pre-Columbian oven baked art pottery. They usually are comprised of cultural groups commonly linked by racial characteristics, language, beliefs and kinship lines. In Australias Northern Territory, indigenous operatorWuddi Cultural Toursaims to keep the local Aboriginal culture alive,and to pass on knowledge to the next generation through custom built tours to experience the local area and connect the sites and artefacts to the stories of their people. The influx of tourists has also allowed for traditional tribal arts and handicrafts to flourish, which often means an additional or the only source of income for the community. Thirdly, this issue presents studies from areas previously under-represented in the literature, thus furthering the academic discussion about tourism and Indigenous peoples, while also bringing new authors research in the field together in a single volume. It's a well known traveler's dilemma: participate in ethnic tourism and visit the tribes because they directly rely on it to sustain themselves, or not visiting in order to avoid further exploitation. The unique dynamics of Indigenous peoples who have experienced colonization and continue to exist within constrained circumstances are linked within all the papers. Concomitantly, readers are privy to the practical and theoretical contributions pertaining to the management of cultural values and Indigenous businesses and the social and economic empowerment of Indigenous groups. Unlike local people, travellers experience a place for a few days, with limited knowledge of the culture and local way of life. Such might be the case of the long-neck Padaung (Karen) tribe near Chiang Mai in Northern Thailand, part of whats known as Thai Hill Tribes. Their Share the Dreaminitiative is designed to help local villagers lead better lives. Ultimately, Indigenous scholars and tourism providers should be the major contributors to, and commentators about, mainstream and niche approaches to Indigenous tourism management, whilst communities gain visibility not just as the visited Other, but as global leaders within tourism and related sectors. Indeed, in many cases the alternative for locals to earn a living is typically labor-intensive agriculture or relying on the government or NGOs. The future role of Indigenous peoples in the management of outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism in protected areas is the focus and they examine the barriers to conservation discourses that enable meaningful engagement by Indigenous peoples. The challenge for tourism and culture is to Expand 1 A means end approach to domestic lead tourism marketing in emerging tourism destinations Estone Musakabantu Muyobo, E. Fragouli Business Thesehomestaysare a truecultural immersionand quite likely an experience of a lifetime. Moreover, non-Indigenous inhabitants have usually been associated with Western societies originating from within European cultural and values systems (Tuhiwai Smith, Citation1999, Citation2012) whereas the Indigenous are pre-existing peoples at a time of colonization (Goehring, 1993, p. 4). Indigenous authors and editors of academic journals, based on their own intellectual merits should become the norm in academia. [5] We use cookies to improve your website experience. This special issue introductory paper provides readers with a contextual overview of indigeneity and Indigenous tourism. For travelers interested in a meaningful interaction with other cultures, these tours can be very rewarding. Geographically, thematically and theoretically, the papers adopt different perspectives and as each Indigenous group's circumstance is culturally laden and influenced by their political and social histories, there is no one story, no one fix and no easy solutions for many of the negative circumstances facing Indigenous peoples or communities. One example that shows the negative impacts of tourism brought about by government guidelines was that of Aboriginal land in Lake Condah, Victoria. Early works, such as these, have to varying degrees, been underpinned by the principles of sustainability and thus often espoused development that not only facilitates the economic well-being of Indigenous peoples and ensures conservation of Indigenous cultural landscapes and the environment, but also (and above all), ensures tourism development is used as a positive opportunity for enhancing the social, cultural and place identity of Indigenous peoples (Amoamo & Thompson, Citation2011; Bunten & Graburn, Citation2009; Carr, Citation2004; Lemelin, Thompson-Carr, Johnson, Stewart, & Dawson, Citation2013; Shackley, Citation2001; Smith & Richards, Citation2013; Sofield, Citation1991, Citation1993, Citation2003; Sofield & Birtles, Citation1996; Spark, Citation2002; Thompson, 2007; Thompson, Citation2013). As with previous papers, they also found the need for integrated, local, regional and national approaches for inclusively enabling local Aboriginal communities to take active part in decision-making and planning processes which centered on what aspects of culture could be, or equally should not be, the foci of tourism experiences. Indigenous-led tourism acts as a revenue source for the community through the sharing of local culture and environmental stewardship, as guided by First Nations. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. Human zoos, or human safaris as they are dubbed in more remote areas, are a growing concern in places such as Peru, where unscrupulous tour operators are profiting from the exploitation of indigenous tribes in the Amazon jungle. Other contributions present research that ranges from visitors experiences of Indigenous events (Higgins-Desbiolles, Citation2016) to reflections on how policy-makers or managers can influence the recognition of Indigenous cultural manifestations and values within tourism settings including protected natural areas (Hillmer-Pegram, Citation2016; Shultis & Heffner, Citation2016; Walker & Moscardo, Citation2016). Research on Indigenous tourism and its intangible heritage, and the testing of new techniques, could bring benefits to many other forms of tourism. TheirShare the Dreaminitiative is designed to help local villagers lead better lives. The paper's findings highlighted the divergence between tourism and Iupiaq values, including how the influence of non-Indigenous, non-local tourism operators within the community can lead to conflicts between tourism activities in spaces where traditional subsistence practices are enacted. 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