But not all people who appear to haveseizures haveepilepsy, a group of related disorders characterized by a tendency for recurrentseizures., NCDJ Recommendation: Refer to someone as having epilepsy only if the information is relevant to the story and if youre confident there is a medical diagnosis. NCDJ Recommendation: Refer to someone as having bipolar disorder only if the information is relevant to the story and you are confident there is a medical diagnosis. While speech impediment and speech disorder are still widely used within the medical community, many consider the terms offensive because they describe the conditions in terms of a deficiency. Some mountainous regions, such as parts of the Alps, do not naturally provide their inhabitants with a diet rich enough in iodine, and the resultant hypothyroidism causes stunted growth and mental retardation. AP style: Avoid using committed suicide except in direct quotations from authorities. Ask your sources for their preference. The term midget was used in the past to describe an unusually short and proportionate person. Seizures are more common than you might think. NCDJ Recommendation: While it is acceptable to use the terms developmental disability and developmental disabilities, it is preferable to use the name of the specific disability whenever possible. Even the term disability is not universally accepted. For more information, consult the U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division Disability Rights Section. Addiction usually refers to a disease or disorder; dependence may, on the other hand, describe babies born to mothers who use drugs or cancer patients who take prescribed painkillers. WebAlcohol is widely known to cause slurred speech because it slows down how the brain communicates with the body. The institute states, It is common for people to have mixed dementia a combination of two or more types of dementia. Healthyplace.com has a good discussion of the differences. Paraplegia is similar but does not affect the arms. NCDJ Recommendation: It is acceptable to describe a person as someone with cerebral palsy, followed by a short explanation of what the condition entails. NCDJ Recommendation: Hard of hearing is almost always acceptable. Background: Dissociative identity disorder is characterized by the emergence of two or more distinct personality states or identities in a persons behavior or consciousness, according to the National Alliance on Mental Illness. People with OCD usually exhibit both obsessions and compulsions but sometimes exhibit only one or the other. There is debate about when someone with a chronic illness is considered to have a disability. Special thanks to Rebecca Monteleone, University of Toledo; Jon Henner, University of North Carolina at Greensboro; Sherri Collins, Arizona Commission for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing; journalist Sara Luterman; Cronkite student Haley Tenore; the NCDJ advisory board and graduate assistants; and all the style guide readers who offered suggestions for this guide. Twice-exceptional students represent a unique group of learners with diverse programming and emotional needs due to the fact that they may have both gifts and disabilities.. A person enrolled in a treatment center should be referred to as a patient. Those with such disabilities often require lifelong or extended support. AA members do not pay dues or fees; rather, it is supported through contributions. By definition, developmental disabilities manifest before age 22. But why does their speech get sloppier? In this guide, we urge reporters and other communications professionals to refer to a disability only when its relevant to the story being told. NCDJ Recommendation: Colorblind is still generally acceptable, but in the interest of accuracy, consider indicating what kind of color-blindness a person has, such as red-green color-blindness. AP style: Not addressed except to state that homebound and housebound are one word with no hyphens. The term high-functioning autism is widely used but is not a medical diagnosis, and many consider it offensive. The Genome Research Institute offers comprehensive information about different genetic conditions, genetic testing and other pertinent topics. Partially sighted: Used most often in British publications for those not legally or completely blind but less acceptable in the U.S. Visually impaired: Similar to the term . Some consider it condescending, offensive or simply a way of avoiding talking about disability. Alcoholism is characterized by a loss of control in alcohol use, according to the American Psychiatric Association. But what is relevant is not always clear. Help them exercise regularly. For example: He has muscular dystrophy., Conforms to AP style that suggests avoiding descriptions that connote pity., Background: According to the Mayo Clinic, albinism typically refers to oculocutaneous (ok-u-low-ku-TAY-nee-us) albinism (OCA) a group of inherited disorders that results in little or no production of the pigment melanin. Certain communities, such as the Muscular Dystrophy community and the Spinal Muscular Atrophy community, have embraced the term, but others argue that interabled relationships are relationships just like any other and should not be marked as different. Several U.S. disability groups have always used identity-first terms, specifically the culturally Deaf community and the autistic rights community. However, the word deformity has a negative connotation when used in reference to those with disabilities. NCDJ Recommendation: The terms service animal, assistance animal and guide dog all are acceptable. A nonspeaking individual may understand and use language just in a different way, such as through American Sign Language. Some of the more common genetic conditions include cystic fibrosis, Huntingtons disease, and sickle cell anemia. Background: Disabilities often are referred to in terms of impairment, as in hearing impairment or visually impaired. Such terms are widely used in medical and governmental contexts as well as by disability advocacy organizations and the general public. Background: Hospitals that cared for people with various mental illnesses, often for long periods of time, were once commonly referred to as insane asylums. Social habits, practices, regulations, laws, and institutions that operate under the assumption that disabled people are inherently less capable overall, less valuable in society, and/or should have less personal autonomy than is ordinarily granted to people of the same age.. In those cases, attribute the term or note its historic use. Background: Amputation refers to the removal of a bodily extremity, usually during a surgical operation, for a variety of reasons, according to Johns Hopkins Medicine.People who have undergone an amputation are commonly referred to as amputees, but the term may be offensive and often is not used correctly. This also is referred to as deaf-blindness or deafblindness. In the past, we have encouraged journalists and others to use person-first language (such as, a person who has Down syndrome rather than a Down syndrome person) as a default. When interviewing someone who is non-verbal, be flexible. Not every person with a disability suffers, is a victim or is stricken. Deaf and hard of hearing became the official terms recommended by the World Federation of the Deaf in 1991. Background: Ableism refers to discrimination and social prejudice against people with disabilities. Background: Cerebral palsy refers to a number of neurological disorders that appear in infancy or early childhood and permanently affect body movement and muscle coordination, according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Background: This term came into vogue in the 1990s as an alternative to disabled, handicapped or mentally retarded. Currently, it is not considered appropriate (and for many, never was). It is typically caused by a spinal cord or brain injury. This style guide, which covers dozens of words and terms commonly used when referring to disability, can help. The American Psychiatric Association discourages using derogatory language such as the term junkie to refer to someone who misuses drugs. The Genome Research Institute offers comprehensive information about different genetic conditions, genetic testing and other pertinent topics. Too Much to Drink. Spastic cerebral palsy is a common type of cerebral palsy in which the movements of people with the disorder appear stiff and jerky. Background: The phrased disabled people is an example of identity-first language (in contrast to people-first language). Background: People who use mobility equipment such as a wheelchair, scooter or cane consider the equipment part of their personal space, according to the United Spinal Association. For example, the National Center on Deaf-Blindness retains the hyphen. Uneven or abnormal speech rhythm. NCDJ Recommendation: The terms deafblind, deafblindness, deaf-blind and deaf-blindness are all acceptable. However, whenever possible, ask the individual which term they prefer. AP style: The style book suggests naming the specific condition when possible rather than making a general reference. However, symptoms vary across the spectrum. While caregiver and caretaker often are used interchangeably, they imply something different. Many dislike the terms because hearing impaired describes a person in terms of a deficiency or what they cannot do. Background: People-first language avoids defining people in terms of their disability. NCDJ Recommendation: Refer to someone as having attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder only if the information is relevant to the story and if you are confident the person has been medically diagnosed with the condition. But it should not be used when referring to a specific person or to a group of people with a specific condition. Use attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on first reference; ADHD is acceptable on second reference. The average height of a dwarf is 40.. If someone has any degree of hearing loss which is below what it should be, then their hearing is technically impaired. Again, proceed with caution. See also Insane/insanity/mentally deranged/psychopathology. The guide was developed by the National Center on Disability and Journalism at Arizona State Universitys Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication and was last updated in the summer of 2021. question whether there is such a thing as a gifted child. Background: Lame is a word commonly used to describe difficulty walking as the result of an injury to the leg. Many people in the Deaf community prefer the use of a lowercase d to refer to audiological status and the use of a capital D when referring to the culture and community of Deaf people. Today, many government and private organizations in the U.S. and elsewhere use deafblind instead of deaf-blind. Use a person with dementia or a person with dementia rather than demented or senile. When possible, reference the specific disease, such as someone with Huntingtons disease. When referencing Huntingtons disease or Parkinsons disease, use the full term rather than shortening to Huntingtons or Parkinsons.. Background: The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines freak as one that is markedly unusual or abnormal, such as a person or animal having a physical oddity and appearing in a circus sideshow. This particular use of the word dates to the middle of the 19th century. To declare 3. It is preferable to say, He had polio as a child;She contracted polio as an adult, or He has post-polio syndrome rather than He suffers from polio or He is a victim of polio., Background: Injury is commonly used to describe any harm or damage to an individual as the result of an accident or other event. She experiences symptoms of psychosis is preferable to She is psychotic. He has a bipolar disorder is preferable to He is bipolar.. NCDJ Recommendation: It is acceptable to describe a person as someone with muscular dystrophy, followed by a short explanation of what the condition entails. Instead, refer to the persons specific condition or use person with a disability. The terms are still widely used and generally acceptable when citing laws, regulations, places or things, such as handicapped parking, although many prefer the term accessible parking. Avoid handicapable., Conforms to AP style with regard to handicap and handicapped. The stylebook does not address handicapable., Background: According to the University of Washington, hard of hearing refers to any hearing condition that can be helped by an auditory device. Background: Mental illness is an umbrella term for many different conditions that affect how individuals act, think, feel or perceive the world.. Neurodiversity basically means that brains operate differently and thats not a bad thing. (The proper terminology in the United Kingdom is Downs syndrome). Many people prefer people-first language, such as a person with schizophrenia or a person diagnosed with schizophrenia rather than a schizophrenic or a schizophrenic person. Do not use the word schizophrenic colloquially as a synonym for something inconsistent or contradictory. People with disabilities often complain, and rightly so, that their disability is mentioned even when the story has nothing to do with their disability. AP style: Not specifically addressed, but the style book refers to mental health professional in an entry on mental illness. The pandemic altered the way many people think about disability, as people who had never encountered such obstacles were suddenly unable to leave their houses. Background: Dyslexia is a learning disability characterized by challenges identifying speech sounds and learning how to connect them to letters and words, according to the Mayo Clinic. WebThough hearing-impaired is still in medical parlance, many Deaf people proudly refer to themselves as such, also with a capital D. Other activists have decided there is nothing wrong with being fat, and have wholeheartedly embraced the term. When quoting or paraphrasing a person who has signed their responses, its appropriate on first reference to indicate that the responses were signed. en abril 28, 2022 abril 28, 2022 moaning minnie synonym. Onset could be in infancy, childhood, middle age or later. AP style: Not specifically addressed, but the style book suggests not using such terms without asking for an individuals preference. Other terms are acceptable for those with some vision loss. Little People of America has a statement on the M word., The terms little people and little person refer to people of short stature and have come into common use since the founding of the Little People of America organization in 1957. NCDJ Recommendation: Refer to someone as having schizophrenia only if the information is relevant to the story and youre confident there is a medical diagnosis. However, only about 15% of those with eye conditions are totally blind. NCDJ Recommendation: Because anonymity is central to the organization, disclose that someone is a member of Alcoholics Anonymous only if it is essential to the story. WebMD explains the difference between epilepsy and seizures in this way: Seizures, abnormal movements or behavior due to unusual electrical activity in the brain, are a symptom ofepilepsy. In the case of a leg injury, explain instead that an injury resulted in difficulty walking. However, some readers object to trigger warnings and view them as patronizing and stifling to academic freedom. However, some people with mild or moderate hearing loss may affiliate themselves with the Deaf community and prefer the term deaf. Alternatively, some who are deaf and dont have a cultural affiliation to the Deaf community may prefer the term hard of hearing.. Able-bodied is an appropriate term to use in some cases, such as when referring to government reports on the proportion of able-bodied members in the workforce. And if you cant ask the person, dont avoid writing about disability. It calls for use of a lower case d in all usages. Originally called falling sickness in English, the word has roots in Greek and Latin. The condition is a neural tube defect that occurs when the spinal column does not close all the way in the womb. Gradual blood vessel damage: High blood pressure and high blood sugar cause damage over time. According to the University of Washington. Legally blind is a broad term for various eye conditions but generally refers to someone whose visual acuity is 20/200 or less even with corrective glasses or contact lenses. The Autistic Self Advocacy Network recommends not referring to Aspergers at all but to instead refer to autism or autism spectrum disorder. Use treatment center in place of rehab or detox center. It was first reported in 1866 by Dr. John Langdon Down and is characterized by a range of physical and cognitive characteristics, which the National Institutes of Health details. Background: Depression is characterized by a loss of interest in activities, persistent fatigue, difficulty in concentrating and making decisions, prolonged feelings of emptiness or hopelessness, and abnormal eating habits, according to the National Institute of Mental Health. Disorder is ubiquitous when it comes to medical references; and the same is true for special when used in special education, so there may be times when its appropriate to use them. In general, there is no hyphen after inter, so interabled is the correct usage (not inter-abled). AP style: Recently updated to include an entry on ableism as a form of discrimination comprising the belief that typical abilitiesthose of people who arent disabledare superior. The revised disabilities entry says, Ableism is a concept similar to racism, sexism and ageism in that it includes stereotypes, generalizations and demeaning views and language.. In short, impairment refers to the condition of an organ or structure of the body; disability means that a person has a functional limitation due to an impairment. NCDJ Recommendation: Deaf or hard of hearing are the preferred terms. This takes years of intensive practice and professional training.. Instead use the word condition and try to identify the specific diagnosis if possible. Brain Damage There are many degrees of brain damage that range from mild to severe. Background: Service animals are trained animals, usually dogs, that provide services to people with disabilities. This condition happens when children slur their words Heart attack: Heart attacks cause pain, exhaustion, and shortness of breath, which can result in slurred speech. Many people object to the use of the word to describe a physical condition because it is used in colloquial English as a synonym for weak, as in: Thats a lame excuse., The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines lamebrain as a dull-witted person.. Triggers can be hard to predict, and they vary from individual to individual, but communicating the nature of your content builds audience trust. Some content can spark difficult memories for people with certain mental illnesses and phobias.Trigger warnings communicate that upcoming content may produce unpredictable and unwelcome reactions for some readers. Many times, though, the cause of a seizure is unknown.. Avoid referring to the disabled in the same way that you would avoid referring to the Asians, the Jews or the African Americans. When describing individuals, do not reference disabilities unless it is clearly pertinent to the story. Consider stating that someone has epilepsy or has been diagnosed with epilepsy instead. AP style: AP medical stories tend to refer to a specific deformity or deformities rather than describing an individual as deformed., Background: Dementia is a general term for a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life, according to the Alzheimers Association. Many illnesses, such as diabetes or multiple sclerosis, are life-long conditions. Some degenerative diseases can cause dysarthria, a motor speech disorder. Psychotherapist: An umbrella term for mental health professionals trained to treat people for their health problems. Otherwise, paraphrase and use a more acceptable term. For example, Down syndrome girl or autistic boy. An example of people-first language is a girl with Down syndrome or a boy with autism. With regard to most disabilities, , people-first language is preferred, but in some cases most notably in the Deaf community and among autistic people identity-first language is strongly preferred. For example, a person may be able to describe having low central or peripheral vision. NCDJ Recommendation: Avoid using handicap and handicapped when describing a person. Background: Indicates a person who has some loss of both vision and hearing. WebHearing-impaired This term is no longer accepted by most in the community but was at one time preferred, largely because it was viewed as politically correct. If a medical diagnosis is not available, use quotes around the term and indicate that a diagnosis has not been confirmed. Similarly, there is not really a good way to describe the nature of a condition. Tetraplegia is used interchangeably with quadriplegia.. Some people with mild to moderate hearing loss may affiliate themselves with the Deaf community and prefer to be referred to as deaf instead of hard of hearing. Alternatively, some who are profoundly deaf may prefer the term hard of hearing.. Your liver can only break down a little alcohol at a time, Use interpreter only for those who have completed advanced training. Avoid made-up words like diversability and handicapable unless using them in direct quotes or to refer to a movement or organization. However, its use is relatively rare and not generally accepted. It is best to ask your sources what they prefer and take that into consideration. Avoid using the word shrink in reference to a mental health professional except in a quote. Insane/insanity/mentally deranged/psychopathology, American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Dwarf, little person/people/midget/short stature, Intellectual disabilities/intellectually disabled, Dwarf, little person/midget/short stature, Dissociative identity disorder/multiple personality disorder, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. AP style: The stylebook refers, without comment, to albino, albinos. It is the most common neural tube defect in the U.S. The center also recommends using the word misuse in place of abuse when describing harmful drug usage. Background: These phrases are used to describe conditions in which arms, legs, fingers, or toes are missing, not fully formed or shaped in a different way, either as a result of an amputation or a congenital condition. The association recommends using people-first language to describe mental illness in order to avoid defining people by their disability. Severe implies judgement; significant might be better. NCDJ Recommendation: Avoid terms like disorder or defect, which are considered derogatory. Historically it was called mongoloidism, and people with it were called Mongoloids; this is now considered offensive. According to Merriam Webster, homebound means confined to the home. The Office of Veterans Affairs uses the term housebound to describe those who spend most of their time in their home because of a permanent disability or when someone is permanently and substantially confined to their immediate premises. However, the terms are sometimes applied incorrectly to people with disabilities who require some mobility assistance but who are relatively independent. AP style: Addressed in entry for Trauma, suggesting that traumatic brain injury is an acceptable use of the word trauma., Background: A caregiver is an individual who provides direct care to people with disabilities and others, according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary. NCDJ Recommendation: Refer to a person with albinism, rather than an albino. In the first case, we suggest the answer is no. The fact that someone uses a wheelchair does not make the airplane noise any more or less irritating. There is debate over how relevant IQ tests should be in making a diagnosis. ASL is acceptable on second reference. If they meet this definition, animals are considered service animals under the ADA, regardless of whether they have been licensed or certified. See also Deaf; Cochlear implant and Hard of hearing. AA is a fellowship of men and women who share their experience, strength and hope with each other that they may solve their common problem and help others to recover from alcoholism, according to the groups preamble. This is increasingly tricky turf. Less than one percent of the general population has schizophrenia, and it is treated mostly through the use of pharmaceutical drugs. Avoid using hearing impaired or partial or partially in reference to deafness or hearing loss unless people use those terms for themselves. Raisingdeafkids.org has a good list of related resources and more information. The term vegetative state is preferable to vegetable or veg, but it is considered offensive by some and is frequently misused. NCDJ Recommendation: Blind may be used for people who have complete or almost complete loss of sight. However, avoid using such words to describe a person. Background: The terms mentally retarded, retard and mental retardation were once common terms that are now considered outdated and offensive. Then numbers were assigned to words not just mentally retarded, but also terms like imbecile, idiot and moron.. However, some people still strongly support the method. Various laws define disability differently. The references angered disability rights advocates, who argued that Hawking achieved remarkable success while using a wheelchair and a computerized voice system, not despite those devices. NCDJ Recommendation: Ask people how they would like to be described. Otherwise, hard of hearing is almost always acceptable. Some organizations suggest avoiding the terms demented, dementing, dements, senile or senility to refer to someone with dementia. People with cerebral palsy can exhibit a variety of symptoms. Be cautious about calling someone an ableist just as you would be cautious about calling someone a racist or a sexist. Background: A person who has a congenital disability has had a disability since birth. Do not assume that a person who has had a seizure has epilepsy. Epilepsy is most commonly treated with medication but treatment also can include use of medical devices, surgery, diet and emerging therapy methods. NCDJ Recommendation: The NCDJ endorses The Associated Press style, below. See also Epilepsy/epileptic/epileptic fit. AP style: The style book states that congenital disorder is acceptable and recommends being specific about the condition. NCDJ Recommendation: Ask the disabled person or disability organizational spokesperson about their preferred terminology. Which covers dozens of words and terms commonly used to describe the nature a! Imbecile, idiot and moron this definition, developmental disabilities manifest before age 22 emerging therapy methods moderate loss... Alcohol at a time, use interpreter only for those who have completed training! Or detox center and terms commonly used when referring to Aspergers at all but to instead to. The Genome Research Institute offers comprehensive information about different genetic conditions include cystic fibrosis, Huntingtons disease be then! Are acceptable people with cerebral palsy is a victim or is stricken the result of an to! 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