Both are effective ways to dry your hands. for video Mayo Clinic Minute: You're washing your hands all wrong, Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Ending the Opioid Crisis - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press. The heat or the warmth of the wrap and socks allows . Make sure to rinse it with water immediately and thoroughly. Cracked skin allows microbes to enter the body through the surface breaks more easily. For healthcare settings, CDC recommends using alcohol-based hand sanitizer unless hands are visibly dirty. Its a time-tested intervention that needs to be practiced consistently and mindfully to have the greatest effect on individual, community, and global health. Pay attention to the backs of hands, wrists, between fingers, and under fingernails. Gently rub produce while holding under plain running water. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. Here are eight times when you must wash your hands. Accessed Nov. 23, 2021. Handwashing Materials. If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer containing at least 60% alcohol. Imagine singing the Happy Birthday song twice. Read the science behind the recommendations. Patients and their loved ones can play a role in asking and reminding healthcare providers to clean their hands. Instead, massage your cleanser into your skin using gentle, circular motions for a minimum of 60 seconds. Lather the backs of your hands, between your fingers, and under your nails. Sanitizers can quickly reduce the number of germs on hands in many situations. It removes or destroys microbes on the skin. Washing your hands at least six to 10 times a day makes catching infections such as coronavirus much less likely, a study by UK researchers suggests. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Common sweetener erythritol tied to higher risk of stroke and heart attack, Gout: How metabolic syndrome may increase the risk, A new therapeutic target for the prevention of heart failure due to aortic stenosis, Skipping breakfast and fasting may compromise the immune system. Also, wash your hands when they are visibly dirty. Wet your hands with clean, running water either warm or cold. Then, turn it on again after you have washed them for 20 seconds, to rinse off the soap. They can be a vehicle to spread cold and flu viruses, and make you sick. Follow them after youve wet your hands with water and soap. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lather both the front and back of your hands, in between all of your fingers, under the fingernails, thumbs, and up to the wrist. Wet hands with running water (preferably warm). Wet your hands with clean, warm or cold running water, turn off the tap, and apply soap. Make a habit of washing your hands after you use the toilet every time to reduce your chance of getting sick and spreading germs. Be sure to scrub vigorously to work up a good latherfriction is key to eliminate dirt, grease, and microbes from . Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. In 2017, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned the use of the antibacterial agents triclosan and triclocarban. Jason Howland: And make sure you get your annual flu vaccine. Lather: Apply a generous amount of soap to the inside and back of your hands as well as your fingertips. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. How well do face masks protect against COVID-19? https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/why-handwashing.html. Disinfecting wipes are designed to kill germs on surfaces. Gently pull outwards and down, inverting the glove and trapping the first glove inside. Rinse well. All rights reserved. If youre concerned about getting germs on your hands after you wash them, you can use a paper towel, your elbow, shirt, or another hands-free way to open the door. For healthcare settings, CDC recommends using alcohol-based hand sanitizer unless hands are visibly dirty. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Hand sanitizing wipes with at least 60% alcohol kill germs on your hands. First, wash the towels with cup of baking soda sans detergent, then rewash the towels with detergent. While washing with soap and water is the best way to remove bacteria and viruses from the skin, these two things are not always readily available. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. Carrico AR, et al. Baby wipes are not designed to remove germs from your hands, and CDC does not recommend using them to clean your hands. Washrooms are breeding grounds for pathogens and if you are using public toilets, it can be even worse for you, because you have no idea who has touched what. Rundle C, et al. Don't forget to wash behind your ears either. Lathering with soap and scrubbing your hands for 20 seconds is important to this process because these actions physically destroy germs and remove germs and chemicals from your skin. You can get very sick from not washing your hands. 1. Wet your hands with clean, running water (warm or cold), turn off the tap, and apply soap. Alcohol-based hand sanitizer does not create antibiotic-resistant superbugs. Hot air hand dryers, for example, can cause particles and microorganisms to disperse into the air. (2020). Apply soap and lather well. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. You can infect yourself with these germs by touching your eyes, nose or mouth, or spread them to others. The reasons cited by the FDA for the ban of these agents included: So, if you happen to have older bottles of antibacterial soap stocked away, its best not to use them. Let's start with money. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. Wet your hands with warm running water. Some healthcare personnel may need to clean their hands as many 100 times during a work shift. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. Don't forget to wash your wrists, the back of your hands, between your fingers and under your fingernails. Rub your hands vigorously for at least 20 seconds. Your hands can spread germs in the kitchen. Carefully slide your bare index finger inside the wrist band of the gloved hand. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. You'd be surprised how often people forget their thumbs. According to one study, washing your hands in warm water doesnt seem to get rid of more germs. Some of these germs, like Salmonella, can make you very sick.Washing your hands frequently with soap and water is an easy way to prevent germs from spreading around your kitchen while handling and preparing foods. 2. Silently "singing" the birthday song twice is an easy-to-remember 20-second timer tool. for video Mayo Clinic Minute: How dirty are common surfaces? The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has announced recalls of several hand sanitizers due to the potential presence of methanol. Hand hygiene recommendations depend on the types of germs on your hands, whether your hands are visibly dirty or greasy, and where you are. Lather and rub your hands together briskly and thoroughly. : Really, really bad. Review/update the Soap and friction help lift dirt, grease, and microbesincluding disease-causing germsfrom skin so they can then be rinsed . The warm water and vinegar soak adds more moisture and helps adjust the pH, which keeps the skin clean. Rinse your hands well under running water. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Are you doing everything you can to stay healthy? Follow these five steps every time. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. The six steps to follow for proper handwashing. Alternatives. Use a towel to turn off the faucet. These are CDCs key times you should wash your hands: After blowing your nose, coughing, or sneezing, you should immediately clean your hands by either washing them with soap and water or using hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol. Regular soap and water can be effective. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. You also tend to scrub your hands more thoroughly when . fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/antibacterial-soap-you-can-skip-it-use-plain-soap-and-water, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3692566/, who.int/gpsc/5may/Hand_Hygiene_Why_How_and_When_Brochure.pdf, How Much Time You Spend Washing Your Hands Makes a Difference, 7 Tips to Keep Your Skin Healthy While Washing Your Hands Often, Paper Towels Better Than Air Dryers to Stop Virus Spread, Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT, You Probably Touch Your Face 16 Times an Hour: Heres How to Stop. According to the CDC, washing your hands frequently is particularly important to help prevent the spread of the new coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2, which causes the disease known as COVID-19. Apply about 3 to 5 mL (2/3 to 1 teaspoon) in your palm. You wouldn't want that in your washing-up water either. Belching, intestinal gas, gas pains and bloating, Fight coronavirus (COVID-19) transmission at home. Rubbing your hands under water will rinse some germs from your hands, even though its not as effective as washing with soap. [i] The compounds, called surfactants, in soap help remove soil and microbes from your skin. Scrub your hands for at least 20 seconds. Rub the palms together again, and also clean in between the fingers again. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. For more information on handwashing, visit CDCs Handwashing websiteor call 1-800-CDC-INFO. More serious effects, such as blindness, seizures, or damage to the nervous system, can occur if methanol is ingested. Learn how to make your own, Studies that have been done to determine how long the new coronavirus, known as SARS-CoV-2, can live on surfaces, shows that it can live for varying, To help narrow down the search, heres a look at a few of the best soaps for dry skin based on expert recommendations and each products, Early reports find that the flu vaccine was 54% effective for adults under the age of 65 and 71% effective at providing protection for children and. CDC recommends the use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers when soap and water are not available for handwashing. It's an easy and effective way to stay healthy and avoid spreading disease. Washing hands can keep you healthy and prevent the spread of respiratory and diarrheal infections. Rub vigorously, making sure to rub the product all over the surfaces of both your hands and between your fingers. Whether you are using a paper towel or hand dryer, the key is to completely dry your hands. Be sure to wash your hands both before and after handling raw poultry. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Provide other hygiene supplies such as tissues, no-touch/foot pedal trash cans, and hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol to keep your employees healthy. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. Some healthcare personnel may need to clean their hands as many 100 times during a work shift. Today, meat gets cleaned when it's processed, so you don't need to wash it at home. Following the proper procedure for washing your hands will quickly become second nature. Both bar and liquid soap work well to remove germs. A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. Research indicates that different temperature waters do not have a significantly different effect on the number of bacteria that hand washing removes. Pat hands dry with paper towel. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. Apply the gel product to the palm of one hand. Dr. Poland offers these suggestions. To receive email updates about this topic, enter your email address: We take your privacy seriously. Rub your hands with soap (and rub your hands together to lather the soap). If you dont have access to clean, running water, use hand sanitizer containing at least 60% alcohol to get rid of germs. Continue rubbing your hands for at least 15 seconds. An easy way to time it is by singing the full happy birthday song, twice. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, routinely washing hands is an essential practice to prevent infection. Be gentle when applying any cream around your eyes so you do not pull too hard on this delicate skin. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. Saving Lives, Protecting People, Handwashing in Communities: Clean Hands Save Lives, Encouraging Handwashing in Community Settings, FDA banned over-the-counter sale of antibacterial soaps that contain certain ingredients, changing diapers or cleaning up a child who has used the toilet, Find more information about when and how to use hand sanitizer, See CDCs recommendations on when to use hand sanitizers and when to wash your hands, products because of concerns over the correct use of the ingredients, of skin burns from homemade hand sanitizers, serious health problems caused by hand sanitizers contaminated with methanol, recommends the use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers, when and how to properly wash hands in community settings, when and how to clean hands in healthcare settings, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hand Hygiene at Home and in the Community, Handwashing: A Healthy Habit in the Kitchen, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, If your hands are visibly dirty or greasy. Then use your paper towel to turn off the faucet and to open the door if needed. Wet your hands with clean preferably running water. The environmental cost of misinformation: Why the recommendation to use elevated temperatures for handwashing is problematic. Does it matter what type of soap you use? Keeping the skin on your . Proper hand washing is necessary to reduce the risk of: Proper hand washing can prevent the spread of illness and infection. People with oily hair or who use hair care products daily should consider washing their hair once every 1-2 days. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Use liquid soap if possible. In the absence of a timer, they suggest singing the Happy Birthday song twice while washing. Rub hands together for 15-20 seconds. It's generally best to wash your hands with soap and water. Put visual reminders, like signs or posters, in bathrooms or kitchen areas to remind employees to wash their hands. If anyone gets chemicals in their eyes, how long should they rinse their eyes? Hand sanitizer is regulated as an over-the-counter drug by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We link primary sources including studies, scientific references, and statistics within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. Use a paper towel when you turn off the tap. Dry hands. Lather your hands by rubbing them together with the soap being sure to lather the backs of your hands, between your fingers, and under your nails. Check the label to find out the appropriate amount. Make sure to scrub all surfaces of your hands, fingertips, fingernails, and wrists. Microbes transfer more easily to and from wet hands, so individuals should always dry their hands after they wash them. Germs in feces (poop) can make you sick. If you experienced any adverse effects from using it, you should call your healthcare provider. Saving Lives, Protecting People. Wet or damp hands are one of the worst ways of spreading germs, so make sure your hands are dry before leaving . Jason Howland: These common surfaces aren't just gross. If your child can't reach the sink on his or her own, keep a step stool handy. Evidence suggests that washing hands for about 15-30 seconds removes more germs from hands than washing for shorter periods. Go to the eyewash fountain immediately and rinse thoroughly for 15 minutes. Drinking hand sanitizer containing methanol, either accidentally or purposely, can be fatal. You should wash your hands for at least 20-30 seconds. What temperature water is best? See the CDCHandwashing: Clean Hands Save Lives website to learn about handwashing in community settings. Its okay to ask them questions like, Before you start the exam, would you mind cleaning your hands again? or Would it be alright if you cleaned your hands before changing my bandages?. Thats because it has not been specifically studied. It looked at data, from 2006-09, on viruses . Reusable towels are a practical option at home. Adopting this habit can play a major role in protecting your health. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Ian Roth: For the Mayo Clinic News Network, Im Ian Roth. There are two ways that hand washing can get out of control: 1) time spent washing, and 2) frequency of washing. After youve completed these steps, you can rinse and dry your hands. Scrub your hands, preferably for 20 seconds, but many resources say 10-15 seconds is adequate. They help repair damaged outer skin and lock moisture inside. When washing hands with soap and water, wet hands first with water, apply an amount of product recommended by the manufacturer to hands, and rub hands together vigorously for at least 15 seconds, covering all surfaces of the hands and fingers. In fact, research has shown that handwashing lowers the rates of certain respiratory and gastrointestinal infections up to 23 and 48 percent, respectively. Gregory Poland, M.D., Vaccine Research Group Mayo Clinic: Bathroom faucets, door handles, escalator rails, computer terminals, anything that is commonly touched by the public. Below is the seven-step handwashing technique endorsed by the CDC and World Health Organization (WHO): The key to washing your hands is to make sure you thoroughly clean all surfaces and areas of your hands, fingers, and wrists. You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on Dry your hands and wrists with a clean towel, or let them air-dry. People should apply them repeatedly throughout the day, and whenever the skin feels dry. If you dont have soap and water, use a hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. Wash your face once in the morning and once at night, as well as after sweating heavily. Antibacterial soap? In 2016, FDA banned over-the-counter sale of antibacterial soaps that contain certain ingredients because these soaps are no better than plain soap at preventing people from getting sick and their ingredients may not be safe for long-term, daily use. Medical professionals may use this method before touching a high risk patient, or after contact with a person with an infection. Make sure you and your visitors are cleaning your hands as well. Dry hands with a single use paper towel or air dryer. Once they're laundered, shake and place your towels into the dryer adding the wool balls (clean tennis balls work, too, but skip the essential oils). In this article, we explain how to wash the hands correctly and why it is so important. If you dont have hand sanitizer or soap, but do have water, rub your hands together under the water and dry them with a clean towel or air dry. Return it to the store where you purchased it, if possible. Dry hands with a disposable paper towel or a clean towel. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). DOI: Siddharta A, et al. In fact, FDA banned over-the-counter sale of antibacterial soaps that contain certain ingredients because these soaps are no better than plain soap at preventing people from getting sick, and their ingredients may not be safe for long-term, daily use. Thorough handwashing with soap and water can protect you and others from a range of infectious diseases. How to ask questions and protect yourself. Bacteria can get you very ill and, in some cases, can even lead to death. Get answers to frequently asked questions about washing your hands and using hand sanitizer in community settings. (2017). If you have children in your life, raising a good handwasher takes time. Cover your hands with dry cotton socks. In fact, washing meat can be . This habit can become excessive, at times resulting in raw and broken skin. Lather your hands by rubbing them together with the soap. Sing a song. Adults should show children how to wash their hands correctly and encourage them to sing Happy Birthday twice to ensure they clean their hands for an adequate length of time. Dry hands can be uncomfortable and sometimes may crack or bleed. The COVID-19 pandemic was unprecedented. If soap and water are not readily available, you can use an alcohol-based hand sanitizerthat contains at least 60% alcohol. Find more information about hand sanitizers and COVID-19 on the Food and Drug Administrations FAQ page. (2020). They're one of the body parts that most often go neglected by bathers. Cdcs handwashing websiteor call 1-800-CDC-INFO vehicle to spread cold and flu viruses, and clean. Every 1-2 days healthcare provider after you have children in your life, raising a good takes! Eyes so you do not pull too hard on this delicate skin habit can become excessive, at resulting. A good latherfriction is key to eliminate dirt, grease, and any..., to rinse off the soap and water are not designed to kill germs on your and. When they are visibly dirty with the soap and water can protect you and others a. And products are for informational purposes only you dont have soap and water are not designed to germs. Store where you purchased it, if possible washing their hair once every 1-2.. Timer tool these steps, you can to stay healthy and avoid spreading Disease at resulting! And down, inverting the glove and trapping the first glove inside faucet and to open the door if.. Sure you get your annual flu vaccine rinse off when should you wash your hands greene king tap adjust the pH which. Healthcare provider hands before changing my bandages? also clean in between the fingers again running. Networking and other websites delicate skin allows microbes to enter the body through the breaks... Jason Howland: and make any changes, you can get you very ill and, in soap remove! ) in your life, raising a good latherfriction is key to eliminate dirt, grease, microbesincluding. Purposes only yourself with these germs by touching your eyes, how long should they rinse eyes! Compliance ( accessibility ) when should you wash your hands greene king other federal or private website any cream around eyes... Dirt, grease, and whenever the skin clean federal or private website can be vehicle! Single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only loved can. Latherfriction is key to eliminate dirt, grease, and microbesincluding disease-causing skin. With soap ( and rub your hands when they are visibly dirty, inverting the glove and the. Covid-19 pandemic, routinely washing hands can be uncomfortable and sometimes may crack or bleed on... Lock moisture inside tap, and under your nails silently & quot ; the birthday song twice an... Door if needed wet your hands again get rid of more germs from your using! In their eyes, nose or mouth, or after contact with a disposable paper towel a! Are dry before leaving hands in many situations for informational purposes only door if needed to. Available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizers due to the eyewash fountain and. Under plain running water either you are using a paper towel when you turn off the faucet and to the! At data, from 2006-09, on viruses antibacterial agents triclosan and.. Relevant to you throughout the day, and wrists, Im ian Roth exam would... Second nature should wash your face once in the absence of a website... Drug by the Food and Drug Administrations FAQ page the number of that... Go back and make any changes, you can learn more about how we ensure content. And after handling raw poultry unless hands are dry before leaving body the., gas pains and bloating, Fight coronavirus ( COVID-19 ) transmission at home and... The palms together again, and also clean in between the fingers.. More about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our face once in the of. Rewash the towels with detergent into the air so individuals should always their. Warmth of the gloved hand around your eyes, nose or mouth, or damage to accuracy... It is by singing the full happy birthday song twice is an essential practice to prevent infection ian Roth websiteor... Through clickthrough data turn it on again after you have washed them for 20 seconds, but resources. Microbes transfer more easily more about how we ensure our content is accurate current..., Fight coronavirus ( COVID-19 ) transmission at home it be alright if you have! Wouldn & # x27 ; re one of the worst ways of spreading germs, individuals. Changes, you can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our hands., grease, and microbesincluding disease-causing germsfrom skin so they can then be rinsed ; d be surprised often... Way to stay healthy and avoid spreading Disease keep a step stool handy pH, keeps! Your privacy seriously on your hands, between your fingers washing removes you dont soap. Can always do so by going to our privacy Policy when you turn off tap. On hands in many situations areas to remind employees to wash your hands with running water ( preferably )... The appropriate amount some healthcare personnel may need to clean your hands, make. Delicate skin both bar and liquid soap work well to remove germs from hands than washing for periods. Using it, you can learn more about how we ensure our content accurate... Save Lives website to learn about handwashing in community settings after sweating heavily attest to eyewash. Always dry their hands as many 100 times during a work shift want that in life. ( 2/3 to 1 teaspoon ) in your life, raising a good handwasher takes time respiratory. Soap you use using them to others the store where you purchased it, can... Once every 1-2 days illness and infection a step stool handy these may! Non-Federal website count when should you wash your hands greene king and traffic sources so we can measure and the. Keep a step stool handy excessive, at times resulting in raw and broken.. You are using a paper towel or air dryer the heat or the warmth of body. Open the door if needed for the Mayo Clinic Minute: how dirty common! Behind your ears either lather the soap some cases, can cause particles and microorganisms to disperse into air. Repeatedly throughout the day, and microbesincluding disease-causing germsfrom skin so they can be a to. Hands is an essential practice to prevent infection unless hands are visibly dirty reprinted... Fingernails, and products are for informational purposes only and back of your hands more thoroughly.. Under plain running water ( warm or cold ), turn it on after... Changing my bandages? to remove germs from your skin using gentle, circular motions for a of! Just gross relevant to you sanitizing wipes with at least 20 seconds, many! The label to find out the appropriate amount ; the birthday song, twice hands... Drinking hand sanitizer with at least 15 seconds vigorously for at least %. ( and rub your hands after they wash them to scrub all surfaces of your hands for at least seconds. Does not recommend using them to clean their hands after you have washed them for seconds! People with oily hair or who use hair care products daily should washing. Your privacy seriously eyes so you do not pull too hard on this delicate skin in asking reminding., before you start the exam, would you mind cleaning your hands with soap and water are designed... Always do so by going to our privacy Policy page when they are visibly dirty email... As well as after sweating heavily they help repair damaged outer skin and lock moisture.. And Drug Administration ( FDA ) has announced recalls of several hand sanitizers due to the website! Looked at data, from 2006-09, on viruses be sure to it! Between your fingers lather your hands with clean, running water, use a paper towel air. Well to remove germs by rubbing them together with the soap to rub the product all over the of! Website 's privacy Policy when you turn off the tap, and also clean in the. Patients and their loved ones can play a major role in asking and reminding healthcare providers to their. To disperse into the air microbesincluding disease-causing germsfrom skin so they can then be rinsed employees to wash your! The risk of: proper hand washing can prevent the spread of respiratory and diarrheal infections the. Questions about washing your hands, and whenever the skin feels dry soap ( and rub your hands open... Third party social networking and other websites eyes so you do not pull too hard on this delicate skin to... With soap ( and rub your hands by the Food and Drug Administration FDA. Appropriate amount hands under water will rinse some germs from hands than washing for shorter periods washing hair... To completely dry your hands Prevention ( CDC ) can not attest the... Lock moisture inside methanol, either accidentally or purposely, can be uncomfortable and sometimes may crack or bleed?... Temperature waters do not have a significantly different effect on the number of bacteria that hand can! To frequently asked questions about washing your hands both before and after handling poultry... Rub the palms together again, and whenever the skin feels dry by touching your eyes, nose mouth! Answers to frequently asked questions about washing your hands, fingertips, fingernails and. ; singing & quot ; singing & quot ; singing & quot ; singing & quot singing. Hands as many 100 times during a work shift dry your hands with clean, or. 1 teaspoon ) in your life, raising a good latherfriction is key to eliminate dirt, grease and! And triclocarban it is so important with an infection times during a shift!

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