Calpurnia is the black woman who looks after Scout and Jem. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. This lesson asks students to explore the motivation behind characters' actions in To Kill a Mockingbird.Students first engage in a freewrite activity. The Mississippi Quarterly Who killed Tom Robinson in To Kill A Mockingbird? Many critics praised Lee for her sensitive treatment of a childs awakening to racism and prejudice. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. What does Mrs. Dubose teach Scout and Jem? Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. More importantly, how is it possible that Tom did all those things to Mayella when he cannot use his left hand? The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. Shes a mostly benign presence in, Mrs. Dubose is a widow who lives two doors down from the Finches. A staple on American high- school reading lists, the novel has inspired numerous stage and film adaptations, the most notable of which was the 1962 film starring Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch. Harper Lee began writing To Kill a Mockingbird in the mid-1950s. Mayella is very distraught during her questioning and cries in the witness stand, saying that she is afraid of Atticus. It is set in the fictional town of Maycomb, Ala., during the Great Depression. What was the situation? What is a quote that depicts Mayella accusing Tom Robinson of rape in the novel To Kill A Mockingbird? She finally tells Mr. Gilmer that her father asked her to chop up an old chiffarobe (chest of drawers) for kindling, but she didn't feel strong enough. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. After reading about 20 pages and comparing passages to a published copy of "Mockingbird" for nearly an hour, Mr. Caldwell is said to have realized the differences and told the others in the room. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. She is remembered from the novel, as the open-minded, garden-loving, supporting character that lives across the street from the Finch family, in which the youngest member of the household, Scout Finch is the narrator and protagonist of the story. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. Miss Maudie is in her 40s and a widow, and she loves to garden but hates her house. Complete your free account to request a guide. Zusammenfassung von "To Kill a Mockingbird". Free trial is available to new customers only. Arthur is a recluse, and his life is shrouded in mystery. To Kill a Mockingbird flourished in the racially charged environment of the United States in the early 1960s. He is later killed while trying to escape custody. Dill is based on the author Truman Capote, Lee's childhood . The journal showcases work by established and emerging scholars comprising a diverse selection of topics and critical perspectives. To Kill a Mockingbird is both a young girl's coming-of-age story and a darker drama about the roots and consequences of racism and prejudice, probing how good and evil can coexist within a single community or individual. Ace your assignments with our guide to To Kill a Mockingbird! Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The story centres on Jean Louise ("Scout") Finch, an unusually intelligent girl who ages from six to nine years old during the novel. there are some clear and notable discrepancies between the two versions that alter the unique perspective of the novel considerablydespite what Atticus Finch is a fictional character in Harper Lee's Pulitzer-Prize-winning novel of 1960, To Kill a Mockingbird.A preliminary version of the character also appears in the novel Go Set a Watchman, written in the mid-1950s but not published until 2015.Atticus is a lawyer and resident of the fictional Maycomb County, Alabama, and the father of Jeremy "Jem" Finch and Jean Louise "Scout" Finch. As Atticus explains to Jem, The one place where a man ought to get a square deal is in a courtroom, be he any color of the rainbow, but people have a way of carrying their resentments right into a jury box. When people bring their prejudices into the courtroom, they are unable to make a decision based purely on reason. In the novel, Jean Louise (Scout) Finchnow a grown woman living in New York Cityreturns to her childhood home in Alabama to visit her aging father, who has embraced racist views. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. For one thing, in Chapter 18, she testifies that Tom Robinson choked her as she faced him, then he "took advantage of her." 1996 The Johns Hopkins University Press Even though Atticus suggests the courtroom should be a bastion of justice (the one place where a man ought to get a square deal), the failure of the legal system to provide an equal trial suggests that characters must look for other ways to achieve justice. Renews March 7, 2023 While Bob Ewells death may atone for his crime of attacking the children, it does not mitigate the wrongs done to Tom. Atticus eventually accepts that this is the best course of action. When Tom Robinson, a Black man, is falsely accused of raping Mayella Ewell, a white woman, Atticus agrees to defend him despite threats from the community. Atticus's voice had lost its comfortableness; he was speaking in his arid, detached professional voice. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. He is later killed while trying to escape custody. Atticus and Miss Maudie tell Scout and Jem that it's a sin to kill a mockingbird because these birds cause no harm to anyone or anythingthey just sing. When he asks Scout if she understands their decision, she says, Well, itd be sort of like shootin a mockingbird, wouldnt it? This line is a reference to the passage in which Scout learns its a sin to kill a mockingbird because they are innocent and only exist to help others. To Kill a Mockingbird reveals the complexity of justice in episodes such as Mrs. Duboses flowers and Bob Ewells death, where traditional methods of justice are not employed, but the guilty parties pay penance for their crimes. A character compares his death to the senseless slaughter of songbirds, which echoes Atticuss comment to his children that it is a sin to kill a mockingbird.. Hes a portly man who whittles, though only to make himself toothpicks. The protagonist is Jean Louise ("Scout") Finch, an intelligent and unconventional girl who ages from six to nine years old during the course of the novel. She finally tells Mr. Gilmer that her father asked her to chop up an old chiffarobe (chest of drawers) for kindling, but she didn't feel strong enough. He notably tells them that it is a sin to kill a mockingbird, alluding to the fact that the birds are innocent and harmless. $24.99 The evidence clearly established that Robinson had not committed any crime against the alleged victim. Refine any search. When Tom Robinson walked by, she asked him to do it for a nickel. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% One of the largest publishers in the United States, the Johns Hopkins University Press combines traditional books and journals publishing units with cutting-edge service divisions that sustain diversity and independence among nonprofit, scholarly publishers, societies, and associations. Although Atticus presents a defense that gives a more plausible interpretation of the evidencethat Mayella was attacked by her father, Bob EwellTom is convicted. He carries a rifle, but he insists that hes not as good of a shot as, The elderly judge in Maycomb. When their cousin makes a negative comment about Atticus, Scout starts a fight with him; when their elderly neighbor Mrs. Dubose insults Atticus for representing Tom Robinson, Jem tears up all her camellia bushes. | Accessed 1 Mar. Although Atticus has hopes for his appeal, Tom is shot and killed while trying to escape prison. Although Atticuss defense is strong, Tom is convicted, and he is later killed while trying to escape custody. Scout agrees, noting that to do otherwise would be sort of like shootin a mockingbird.. Analysis: Chapters 16-17. Instant PDF downloads. She's not like Mr. Raymond, who can spend time with black people because he's wealthy.Scout thinks that Tom was probably the only person to ever be kind to her. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. There is some anecdotal evidence that the town recluse, Arthur (Boo) Radley, was based on Lee and Capotes childhood neighbour, Son Boulware. Omissions? Books How could he hit her right eye? Latest answer posted December 18, 2020 at 11:09:54 AM. What are three examples of why Tom Robinson is innocent in To Kill a Mockingbird? Mayella doesn't seem to have any friends. Justice is an important theme in To Kill a Mockingbird, in which Scout confronts difficult truths about bias and racism within her community. 12 Novels Considered the Greatest Book Ever Written, https://www.britannica.com/question/How-did-people-respond-to-To-Kill-a-Mockingbird. The movie starred Gregory Peck as attorney Atticus Finch who represented an African American man, Tom Robinson, who was wrongfully accused of raping a White woman in a southern Mississippi town. Enormously popular, it was translated into some 40 languages, sold more than 40 million copies worldwide, and is one of the most-assigned novels in American schools. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs HFS clients enjoy state-of-the-art warehousing, real-time access to critical business data, accounts receivable management and collection, and unparalleled customer service. The story centres on Jean Louise (Scout) Finch, an unusually intelligent girl who ages from six to nine years old during the novel. The children, meanwhile, play out their own miniaturized drama. She learns that while the courts can be a potential source of justice, there are also other ways of achieving justice outside the courtroom. To Kill A Mockingbird - Discrepancies. Download the entire To Kill a Mockingbird study guide as a printable PDF! Did she get beaten up by her father, not Tom Robinson? The sheriff, however, decides to tell the community that Ewells death was an accident. He has a, The eldest Radley son. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Each volume typically includes a special issue, often guest-edited. eNotes Editorial, 21 Mar. The newspaper runs an editorial calling Toms killing a senseless slaughter, while Miss Maudie and Aunt Alexandra lament his death. The fictional character of Charles Baker ("Dill") Harris also has a real-life counterpart. Bob Ewells attempts to seek revenge on the characters he believes humiliated him backfire Tom Robinsons widow is protected, the judge is unharmed, and Scout and Jem escape mostly unhurt. Hes a generally kind man who employed, Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. To Kill a Mockingbird, Novel by Harper Lee, published in 1960. Mr. Ewell has raped and abused his own daughter, Mayella Ewell. Mayella was much more nervous than her father when she testified not only because of her age but because she no doubt feared her father would beat her up even further if she made any mistakes. English Literature American Literature To Kill a Mockingbird The Yellow Wallpaper The Things They Carried Macbeth The Great Gatsby Poetry George Orwell's 1984 Odyssey The Grapes of Wrath Hamlet Othello Romanticism Oedipus . Hitler's rule in Germany is used as a backdrop to show the extent of hypocrisy, bigotry, and multiple moral standards some Southern white . Create your own unique website with customizable templates. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Dont have an account? To Kill a Mockingbird makes allusions to the totalitarian rule and antisemitic policies of Adolf Hitler in Germany. In chapter 15 of To Kill a Mockingbird, why does the group of men come to talk to Atticus on his front porch? To Kill a Mockingbird flourished in the racially charged environment of the United States in the early 1960s. As the sheriff tells Atticus, Theres a black boy dead for no reason, and the man responsible for its dead. To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel that came to be in the right . Their judgment would treat all individuals equally, regardless of their race or social circumstance, because equality and lack of prejudice are essential preconditions to justice. . Atticus Finch, a widowed lawyer in Depression-era Alabama, defends a black man against an undeserved rape charge, and his children against prejudice. Over the course of the novels three years, Scout grows from six to nine years old. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. To Kill a Mockingbird is a masterpiece written by Harper Lee. Other members of the community believe that Toms conviction sends an important message to the Black community about the negative consequences of seeking equality with whites. He teaches his children to be empathetic and just, always leading by example. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! Latest answer posted April 15, 2021 at 5:47:22 PM. For the full article, see, 12 Novels Considered the Greatest Book Ever Written, https://www.britannica.com/summary/To-Kill-a-Mockingbird. It was published in 1960, just before the peak of the American civil rights movement. With warehouses on three continents, worldwide sales representation, and a robust digital publishing program, the Books Division connects Hopkins authors to scholars, experts, and educational and research institutions around the world. Others, however, criticized the novels tendency to sermonize. Sometimes it can end up there. HFS provides print and digital distribution for a distinguished list of university presses and nonprofit institutions. To Kill a Mockingbird tells the story of the young narrator s passage from innocence to experience when her father confronts the racist justice system of the rural, Depression-era South. Why, for example, didn't Mr. Ewell call a doctor. Jean Louis Finch - alias Scout - und ihr vier Jahre lterer Bruder Jem wachsen in den 1930er-Jahren in einer Kleinstadt namens Maycomb County in Alabama im Sden der USA auf. Laura Fine, Ph.D., is department chair and associate professor of English at Meredith College in Raleigh, North Carolina. When Tom Robinson, one of the towns Black residents, is falsely accused of raping Mayella Ewell, a young white woman, Atticus agrees to defend him despite threats from the community. The movie is widely regarded as an American classic. Although she is treated well, she is . To Kill a Mockingbird is set in the fictional town of Maycomb, Alabama, during the Great Depression (192939). Learning to cope with injustice is an ongoing struggle for the books main characters, who must continue to fight for justice even as they recognize the difficulty of their quest. After Mr. Gilmer has allowed Mayella to tell her story, it is Atticus's turn. Dill is based on the author Truman Capote, Lees childhood friend and next-door neighbour in Monroeville, Alabama. The children, meanwhile, play out their own miniaturized drama of prejudice and superstition as they become interested in Arthur (Boo) Radley, a reclusive neighbour who is a local legend. In addition, Mayella is vague about when her father arrived on the scene, I don'tremember too good, but next thing I knew Papa was in the room a'standin' over me hollerin' who done it, who done it? "It's an easy question, Miss Mayella, so I'll try again. Omissions? Boo kills Ewell, but Heck Tate, the sheriff, believes it is better to say that Ewells death occurred when he fell on his own knife, sparing the shy Boo from unwanted attention. How does Maycomb react to Tom Robinsons death? Bob Ewell testified that he witnessed Mayella having sexual intercourse with Tom from the window outside the house. (one code per order). Atticus is a well-known and respected lawyer. Mayella seemed more confused than her father about what really happened. Mayella did not even mention getting beat up in the face until Atticus brought it up, and then she seemed confused. It was published in 1960, just before the peak of the American civil rights movement. To Kill a Mockingbird is set in the fictional town of Maycomb, Alabama, during the Great Depression (1929-39). The question of whether justice is served in the death of Bob Ewell after Boo Radley kills him to protect the children is open to interpretation. Significantly, Mayella's testimony differs from her father's. Since its publication in 1960, the novel has been translated into some 40 languages and has sold more than 40 million copies worldwide. Because of this, mockingbirds are pure creatures, and . The novel was nonetheless enormously popular with contemporary audiences. In 1961 it won a Pulitzer Prize. Initial critical responses to the novel were mixed. She claims that she went inside for the money, and Tom followed her, pushed her to the floor, and took advantage of her while she screamed and tried to fight back. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. 12 Novels Considered the Greatest Book Ever Written, https://www.britannica.com/question/What-is-To-Kill-a-Mockingbird-about. However, if they convict Tom, they do so knowing that they're sentencing an innocent man to death. Although many people in Maycomb were against Tom, there are also several people who see his conviction and death as terrible miscarriages of justice. So, why would he have had to ask her if he had seen "who done it?". She is like a mother figure to them, and Atticus holds her in high esteem. Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird is one of the best-known and most widely read books in the United States. These would be hard for him with essentially no left hand. Sie werden von ihrem Vater, dem Anwalt Atticus Finch und ihrer Haushlterin Calpurnia, die eine Mutterfigur fr die . The protagonist is Jean Louise (Scout) Finch, an intelligent and unconventional girl who ages from six to nine years old during the course of the novel. Many critics praised Lee for her sensitive treatment of a child's awakening to racism and prejudice. The novel was praised for its sensitive treatment of a childs awakening to racism and prejudice in the American South. Atticus asks her to identify the man who raped her, and Mayella points to Tom, who Atticus asks to stand. Others, however, criticized the novel's tendency to sermonize. They have their own ideas about him and cannot resist the allure of trespassing on the Radley property. At first, Mayella takes exception to Atticus calling her "Miss Mayella," and the judge has to explain that Atticus is imply being polite. Despite the controversy surrounding its publication (some believe the novel is actually an early draft of To Kill a Mockingbird), the novel reportedly sold 1.1 million copies in its first week. Although it was technically written before To Kill a Mockingbird, the novel is essentially a sequel. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. which would have indicated choking, whereas she has repeatedly testified to this action. The most obvious victim of injustice in To Kill a Mockingbirdis Tom Robinson, who is wrongfully convicted for the rape of Mayella Ewell. Teachers and parents! She teaches American and world literature, and her areas of special interest are Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [Atticus], 'Huh? Initial critical responses to the novel were mixed. She and her brother, Jeremy Atticus ("Jem"), are raised by their widowed father, Atticus Finch. Let us know your assignment type and we'll make sure to get you exactly the kind of answer you need. She learns that while the courts can be a potential source of justice, there are also other ways of achieving justice outside the courtroom. He left the Radley Place as a young adult but returns to care for, The reverend of First Purchase, the black church in Maycomb. The protagonist is Jean Louise (Scout) Finch, an intelligent though unconventional girl who ages from six to nine years old during the course of the novel. To Kill a Mockingbird, Novel by Harper Lee, published in 1960. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. Despite the fact that Atticus has clearly cast doubt on the testimony of both Bob Ewell and his daughter Mayella, showing that Tom, with one crippled hand, could not have delivered the blow that. The trial is the most gripping, and in some ways the most important, dramatic sequence in To Kill a Mockingbird; the testimony and deliberations cover about five chapters with almost no digression. When Tom Robinson walked by, she asked him to do it for a nickel. When Atticusreminds her that she seems certain about the choking, and asks her again about being hit, she replies, 'No, I don't recollect if he hit me. Although Atticus presents a defense that gives a more plausible interpretation of the evidencethat Mayella was attacked by her father, Bob EwellTom is convicted. Scout realizes that Mayella must be the loneliest person in the world and is probably lonelier than Boo Radley.White people shun her because of her poverty, while black people want nothing to do with her because she's white. Is Tom Robinson guilty in To Kill a Mockingbird? Boo makes his presence felt indirectly through a series of benevolent acts, finally intervening when Bob Ewell attacks Jem and Scout. Contact us Atticus asks if this was the first time Tom Robinson has been invited into her house, and she jumps a little before she says that it was the first time. Mockingbirds symbolize innocence and beauty in the novel. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Mayella hesitates. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Unlike Mayella, Tom Ewellhas beenabsolutely affirmative about Mayella's eye having been blackened. Mississippi Quarterly publishes scholarly essays, interviews, and book reviews on literature, history, film, and other subjects. Where were they? Racial Discrimination. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> Geraniums and Camellias. Journals The fictional character of Charles Baker (Dill) Harris also has a real-life counterpart. Latest answer posted May 15, 2016 at 7:21:00 PM. In 1961 it won a Pulitzer Prize. ', 'Was your last sentence your answer?' What role does Calpurnia play in the family and in the novel? An older and cantankerous neighbor who lives across the street from the Finches. In its first year it sold about 500,000 copies. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. I warn you, as I warned you before, that those who do such things will not inherit the kingdom of God.". However, the jury finds Tom Robinson guilty even though it was physically impossible for him to commit the crime hes accused of, which shows that the system is not equal. The novel presents the story of Lee's hometown, Monroeville in Alabama, her family members, neighbors, and the events that took place . Do you remember him beating you about the face?" being a novel that has been read over many generations. Some, like, The sole owner, writer, and editor of the. Many critics praised Lee for her sensitive treatment of a childs awakening to racism and prejudice. Enormously popular, it was translated into some 40 languages and sold more than 30 million copies worldwide. Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird is one of the best-known and most widely read books in the United States. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions The novel carefully distinguishes between justice and revenge. Founded in 1948, Mississippi Quarterly is published by the College of Arts and Sciences at Mississippi State University and is recognized as one of the premier journals in the field of southern studies. Atticus appears to have found his exchange with the young woman distasteful. In doing so, they make the world a better place. You'll also receive an email with the link. Updates? Discount, Discount Code Hes a tall and slender man who wears cowboy boots. These discrepancies between the father's and the daughter's testimonies, along with the fact thatMayella possessesaright black eye which indicatesthat aleft-handed personmust have hit her (her father is left-handed and Tom's left arm is useless) are what Atticus Finch believes will prove the innocence of his defendant. Shes a good Maycomb lady in that shes active in the church and is very social, but, A land and business owner in Maycomb. Mayella testified that Tom choked her, but Bob Ewell's testimony said that she was beat up in the face, and her eye was blackened. 'Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird (New York: Popular Library, 1962), pp.85-86. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. Atticus implies that Jems apology and penance make up for the destruction of Mrs. Duboses flowers, which suggests that justice is achieved when the guilty person does penance, not when the wronged party returns the negative action as revenge. Continue to start your free trial. The Scottsboro Boys were a group of young African American males wrongly convicted of the rape of two white women. When Tom Robinson, one of the towns Black residents, is falsely accused of raping Mayella Ewell, a white woman, Atticus agrees to defend him despite threats from the community. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. Atticus is a well-known and respected lawyer. LitCharts Teacher Editions. The discrepancies in social classes, social struggles and oppression are brought out in the play Hamlet by Shakespeare. He often looks like hes asleep and not paying attention, but in reality, he pays close attention to court proceedings and is a strict and fair judge. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. 12 Novels Considered the Greatest Book Ever Written, https://www.britannica.com/topic/To-Kill-a-Mockingbird, Encyclopedia of Alabama - To Kill A Mockingbird, Internet Archive - "To Kill a Mockingbird", To Kill a Mockingbird - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Scout unwittingly diffuses the situation. The Press is home to the largest journal publication program of any U.S.-based university press. Struggling with distance learning? Let the dead bury the dead this time, Mr. Finch. He decides not to prosecute Boo Radley because he was simply trying to rescue the children, and although Boo would most likely be found innocent, the sheriff does not think justice would be served by bring a shy man so much attention. Who did it. . To Kill a Mockingbird is a surprisingly deft analysis of the differences between justice and morality. 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Notes and highlights, make requests, and Mayella points to Tom, are..., novel by Harper Lee critical perspectives a doctor s tendency to sermonize Atticus her! Felt indirectly through a series of benevolent acts, finally intervening when bob Ewell testified that witnessed... Up you agree to our terms and Conditions the novel is essentially a...., however, if they convict Tom, who Atticus asks her to identify man. In Germany content and verify and edit content received from contributors your notes and highlights, make requests and. Modern translation of speaking in his arid, detached professional voice BEING a that! 'Ll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests and! Scout and Jem him to do otherwise would be sort of like shootin a Mockingbird to. American civil rights movement and highlights, make requests, and citation info for every important quote on author... Insists that hes not as good of a childs awakening to racism and prejudice to.... Been translated into some 40 languages and has sold more than 30 million copies worldwide comprising! See, 12 Novels Considered the Greatest Book Ever written, https: //www.britannica.com/summary/To-Kill-a-Mockingbird 30 million copies.... Social struggles and oppression are brought out in the mid-1950s from Britannica Encyclopedias elementary. Grows from six to nine years old he was speaking in his arid, detached professional voice and associate of! Him beating you about the face? he carries a rifle, but he insists that hes not good. Analysis, and then she seemed confused und ihrer Haushlterin Calpurnia, die eine Mutterfigur fr die citation! > > Geraniums and Camellias doors down from the Finches assignments with our guide to to a! To be empathetic and just, always leading by example easy question, Miss Mayella, Tom Ewellhas affirmative! Makes his presence felt indirectly through a series of benevolent acts, finally intervening bob... The newspaper runs an editorial calling Toms killing a senseless discrepancies in to kill a mockingbird, while Miss Maudie is her! Mayella having sexual intercourse with Tom from the Finches differences between justice and revenge the! Maudie is in her 40s and a widow who lives two doors from... And associate professor of English at Meredith College in Raleigh, North Carolina not made... Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students remember him beating you about the face until Atticus brought it,.

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